1 00:00:07,900 --> 00:00:10,120 JOHN ESSIGMANN: One of the physiological scenarios 2 00:00:10,120 --> 00:00:11,740 that we teach, and is probably very 3 00:00:11,740 --> 00:00:15,160 common in biochemistry courses, has to do with diabetes. 4 00:00:15,160 --> 00:00:20,530 I'm diabetic, and my great grandfather was diabetic. 5 00:00:20,530 --> 00:00:24,280 His daughter, my grandmother was diabetic. 6 00:00:24,280 --> 00:00:28,510 Five of her six sons were diabetic, one of whom 7 00:00:28,510 --> 00:00:29,830 was my father. 8 00:00:29,830 --> 00:00:34,300 So you see a very genetic disease here. 9 00:00:34,300 --> 00:00:34,940 OK? 10 00:00:34,940 --> 00:00:40,420 That's, in my case, type 2 diabetic, so adult onset. 11 00:00:44,740 --> 00:00:48,890 So my cells are insulin-resistant. 12 00:00:48,890 --> 00:00:56,280 So if I eat a meal that has carbohydrate or fat in it, 13 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:59,450 my pancreas is probably responding. 14 00:00:59,450 --> 00:01:03,110 My beta cells in my pancreas are probably OK, 15 00:01:03,110 --> 00:01:04,920 but the insulin just isn't able-- 16 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:06,970 but producing insulin-- but the insulin 17 00:01:06,970 --> 00:01:09,850 just isn't able to signal my cells to be 18 00:01:09,850 --> 00:01:14,320 able to take up the glucose. 19 00:01:14,320 --> 00:01:19,210 As a consequence, I'm somewhat in a technical state 20 00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:21,340 of starvation. 21 00:01:21,340 --> 00:01:25,780 My glycogen reserves are therefore smaller than yours, 22 00:01:25,780 --> 00:01:28,000 and I can tell this in times. 23 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:31,180 For example, when I first became diabetic, 24 00:01:31,180 --> 00:01:34,900 I loved mountain climbing and hiking and so on, 25 00:01:34,900 --> 00:01:40,360 and I noticed that I would go out. 26 00:01:40,360 --> 00:01:44,590 And I'd be totally exhausted for the first 10 minutes or so, 27 00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:48,870 and that's because I have very small glycogen reserves. 28 00:01:48,870 --> 00:01:51,310 What I had to do is this metabolic switch 29 00:01:51,310 --> 00:01:55,930 over to booting up oxidative metabolism of fats. 30 00:01:55,930 --> 00:01:58,230 That all had to be turned on, and it's hard. 31 00:01:58,230 --> 00:02:01,090 It's a hard transition, but once it got going, 32 00:02:01,090 --> 00:02:03,680 as long as I stay aerobic, in other words, 33 00:02:03,680 --> 00:02:09,190 I don't go so fast that I go anaerobic, I can climb forever. 34 00:02:09,190 --> 00:02:13,330 Because if I stay aerobic, I've got plenty of fat reserves. 35 00:02:13,330 --> 00:02:16,700 In fact, it's probably a good thing that I'm burning them. 36 00:02:16,700 --> 00:02:18,374 So I'm just a little bit different. 37 00:02:22,460 --> 00:02:24,870 I like to teach this stuff in 5.07, 38 00:02:24,870 --> 00:02:28,470 in part because well there's probably not that many kids 39 00:02:28,470 --> 00:02:33,300 in the class, of 100, 130, or so, students would be diabetic, 40 00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:37,350 but it's about 6% to 8% of the population in the United States 41 00:02:37,350 --> 00:02:38,050 right now. 42 00:02:38,050 --> 00:02:40,500 So everybody knows someone who is diabetic, 43 00:02:40,500 --> 00:02:43,570 or maybe your parents are, and what are the risk factors? 44 00:02:43,570 --> 00:02:45,530 So we teach that.